第3讲 文化与跨国管理20100912.ppt

思考： 第二章 文化与跨文化管理 学习目标 Learning Objectives 1、掌握文化的定义及其基本的要素； 2、熟悉各种不同层次的文化是如何影响跨国公司经营的； 3、掌握两种文化模型诊断和理解文化差异对管理过程的影响。 本章重点 Culture and Multinational Management 第一节 文化与文化的层次 一、重点概念 1、What is Culture? （1）人类学家对文化的理解：提供了解决适应环境问题的方法；提供了使群体不断延续的机制。 （2）指导一个群体日常生活的普遍的共同的信念、准则和价值观 Pervasive and shared beliefs, norms, values, and symbols that guide everyday life. 第一节 文化与文化的层次 2、文化准则 规定和禁止人们的行为，告诉我们什么能做，什么不能做。 Cultural norms：both prescribe and proscribe behaviors What we should do and what we cannot do. 3、文化信仰 我们对什么是真理的理解 Cultural beliefs: represent our understandings about what is true. 第一节 文化与文化的层次 4、文化价值观 什么是善的、美的、神圣的东西，什么是人生合理的目标。 Cultural values: what is good/beautiful/holy, and what are legitimate goals for life. 第一节 文化与文化的层次 5、文化的象征、传统和礼仪 将一个社会或群体的文化准则、价值观和信念传播给其成员。 Cultural symbols, stories, and rituals: communicate the norms, values, and beliefs of a society or a group to its members. Culture is pervasive in society Affects all aspects of life Not all aspects are observable 对跨国管理者而言，理解和面对文化差异是重要和不可避免的。 第一节 文化与文化的层次 6、显性文化与隐性文化Culture: Front Stage Back Stage Front stage of culture: easily observable aspect of culture e.g., Japanese executive bows or North American robust handshake. Back stage of culture: only insiders or members of the culture understand other aspects of culture e.g., Japanese saying “it’s difficult” and twisting head to one side really means it’s impossible. 二、文化的三个层次 Three Levels of Culture 1.National culture: the dominant culture within the political boundaries of the nation-state. 国家文化：一个国家政治边界内占主导地位的文化 2.Business culture: norms, values, and beliefs that pertain to business in a culture. Tells people the correct, acceptable ways to conduct business in a society. Three Levels of Culture Occupational and organizational culture （P55） Occupational culture: the norms, values, beliefs, and expected ways of behaving for people in the same occupational group. Organizational culture: the set of imp