3.3 氮素营养及氮素对作物的生理影响 修改 植物生理 教学课件.pptVIP

序言一、对硝态氮的同化（一）、植物对硝态氮的吸收特性（二）、 植物对硝态氮的同化途径 二、植物对铵态氮的同化三、氮素对作物的生理影响 2.硝态氮吸收系统：  植物根细胞吸收硝态氮是高等植物同化氮素的第一步。用13NO3-测定硝态氮的内流和净吸收表明，硝态氮（NO3-）有三个运输系统。 硝态氮的吸收系统，可分为两大类： ?低亲和运输系统（low-affinity transport systems，LATS） ?高亲和运输系统（high-affinity transport systems， HATS）。 高亲和运输系统可进一步分为： 1 构成型(constitutive high-affinity transport systems，CHATS)  2 诱导型（inducible high-affinity transport systems，IHATS) 有人认为，LATS可能是载体或是离子通道，HATS是H+/阳离子共向运转载体，能使质膜在结合硝态氮的瞬时去极化，这个去极化可为质膜H+-ATPase所补偿。HATS运转需要细胞提供能量，受胞内硝态氮消耗量调节，其活性依赖于质子电化势梯度。 较低NO3-浓度（＜1mmol/L）时,构成型高亲和运输系统以极低的速度在运行，它符合Michales-Menten动力学，这一点被认为是和诱导型运输系统的显著区别。诱导型高亲和系统可为底物饱和，并受底物诱导。较高NO3-浓度（mmol/L水平）时，硝态氮的吸收速率随着底物浓度的升高而直线上升，这是低亲和系统在运转。它与主动高亲和运转系统有显著：对低温和代谢抑制剂均不敏感。 3.影响硝态氮吸收的因素 3.1 氨基化合物  asparagine(Asn) inhibits both the uptake and reduction of nitrate, but glutamine inhibits only reduction. The inhibition of nitrate reduction by the amides is associated with inhibition of induction of both NR and NiR in maize seedlings (Sivasankar et al, 1997). Expressions of the root nitrate transporter genes Nrt2;1 and Nrt1 are diurnally(只在白天) regulated in photosynthetically active Arabidopsis thaliana plants (Lejay et al, 1999). Both increase during the light period and decrease in the first hours of the dark period (Lejay et al, 1999). Sucrose supply prevents the inhibition of Nrt2;1 and Nrt1 expression in the dark (Lejay et al, 1999). During rapid pod fill(right), leaf proteolysis（蛋白酶解） occurs and much of the amino N in the leaf is exported to the filling pods. Consequently the phloem is enriched with amino compounds, which repress（inhibit） nitrate uptake and consequently diminish (decrease) the rate of nitrate reduction (Ismande and Touraine, 1994). 3.2 铵抑制NO-3吸收 NO-3 uptake by plant roots is rapidly inhibited by exposure to NH+4. It is evident that there are short-term effects of NH+4 on NO-3 uptake that are presumed to result from the direct effects of NH4+ on the plasma m