chapter 6 Pragmatcs 英语专业语言学PPT.pptVIP

definition of pragmatics ·pragmatics vs. semantics ·context ·sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning ·speech act theory ·principles of conversation Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of the intended meaning of speakers in a particular context. Meaning and Context are the two basic concepts in the study of Pragmatics More definitions of pragmatics Levinson listed about ten definitions about pragmatics, some of which include (1983:6---27) : Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a semantic theory. Semantics Formal semanticists are concerned with the truth value (真实值）of the semantic proposition (语意命题）of a declarative sentence or a statement and with the conditions that have to be satisfied in the truth value judgement Semantics Formal semantists do not consider the following factors as “who speaks it to whom , when, where, why etc. In other words , they do not include context in the study of meanings. Leech’s 4 criteria Leech also put forward four criteria in determining whether the discussion of meanings has entered into the field of pragmatics: sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning sentence meaning abstract, Decontextualized/ Context-independent utterance meaning specific, contextualized/ Context-dependent Natural meaning vs. speaker’s meaning (Paul Grice) Communication What we say explicitly What we intend to communicate implicitly Inference What is said explicitly Shared knowledge Shared assumptions The context of the utterance ·pragmatics vs. semantics : pragmatics=meaning-semantics. While both are linguistic studies of meaning, pragmatics is the study of meaning in context, semantics is the study of meaning out of context Micropragmatics Reference 指称143 Deixis 指示144 Anaphora 回指 145 Presuppposition 预设146 Reference 144 The act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something by inference. Can I borrow your Shakespeare? Types of dei