Lecture 10 Ocean Carbonate Chemistry Ocean Distributions 华盛顿大学-海洋化学课件.pptVIP

* Lecture 10: Ocean Carbonate Chemistry: Ocean Distributions Ocean Distributions Controls on Distributions What is the distribution of CO2 added to the ocean? See Section 4.4 Emerson and Hedges Sarmiento and Gruber (2002) Sinks for Anthropogenic Carbon Physics Today August 2002 30-36 CO2 CO2 → H2CO3 → HCO3- → CO32- + H2O = CH2O + O2 BorgC + Ca2+ = CaCO3 BCaCO3 Atm Ocn Biological Pump Controls: pH of ocean Sediment diagenesis CO2 Gas Exchange Upwelling/ Mixing River Flux CO2 + rocks = HCO3- + clays Influences on pCO2 Ko: Solubility of CO2 K1, K2: Dissociation constants Function of Temperature, Salinity Depends on biology and gas exchange Depends on biology only Influence of Nitrogen Uptake/Remineralization on Alkalinity NO3- assimilation by phytoplankton 106 CO2 + 138 H2O + 16 NO3- → (CH2O)106(NH3)16 + 16 OH- + 138 O2 NH3 assimilation by phytoplankton 106 CO2 + 106 H2O + 16 NH4+ → (CH2O)106(NH3)16 + 16 H+ + 106 O2 NO3- uptake is balanced by OH- production Alk ↑ NH4+ uptake leads to H+ generation Alk ↓ Alk = HCO3- + 2 CO32- + OH- - H+ See Brewer and Goldman (1976) LO Goldman and Brewer (1980) LO Experimental Culture Air-Sea CO2 Disequilibrium Emerson and Hedges Plate 8 Effect of El Nino on ?pCO2 fields High resolution pCO2 measurements in the Pacific since Eq. Pac-92 Eq Pac-92 process study Cosca et al. in press El Nino Index PCO2sw Always greater than atmospheric Expression of Air -Sea CO2 Flux k-transfer velocity From Sc # wind speed From CMDL CCGG network S – Solubility From SST Salinity From measurements and proxies F = k s (pCO2w- pCO2a) = K ? pCO2 pCO2a pCO2w Magnitude Mechanism Apply over larger space time domain Global Map of Piston Velocity (k in m yr-1) times CO2 solubility (mol m-3) = K from satellite observations (Nightingale and Liss, 2004 from Boutin). Overall trends known: * Outgassing at low latitudes (e.g. equatorial) * Influx at high latitudes (e.g. circumpolar) * Spring blooms draw down pCO2 (N