Lecture 3. Lexical Morphology 当代语言学导论课件.ppt

Lecture 3. Lexical Morphology 1. Basic Theories of Morphology Morphology（形态学/词形学） is the study of the internal structure of words. (1)Inflectional morphology which studies the way in which words inflect in order to express grammatical meanings in sentence such as singular/plural, perfect/imperfect, comparative. trees, flew, easier, raining.. (2)Lexical morphology (derivational ) which studies the principles governing the construction of new words,without reference to the specific grammatical role a word might play. 词本位还是字本位？ 胡裕树（1962）“词是代表一定意义、具有固定的语音形式、可以独立运用的最小结构单位。” 但是很难找。因为“辨认汉语的语素比较容易，因为语素跟语素的界限比较清楚，而辨认汉语的词汇比较困难，因为词汇跟词汇的界限比较模糊”（张斌1988） 而语素和字的概念比较接近。徐通锵（1988）提出语言基本单位的3个标准：1）现成的，拿来就能用的；2）离散的，封闭的，很容易和其他单位区别开来的；3）在语言社团中具有心理现实性。徐通锵（1994，1999）几篇文章提出了字本位。 1.2 Morphemes ( 语素/形位) the smallest meaningful indivisible units of which a word is made up. It is abstract unit and can be realized by morphemes(语素) or words (词) A single word: one or more morphemes One morpheme word: rely, care, sister, chocolate Two morphemes word: rely+able, care+less, print+er, book+case Three morphemes word: rely+able+ity, care+less+ly teaches/played/raining English: Inflecting language, Chinese: Isolating language： 汉语没有严格意义的形态变化。 wo ba ni chi sheng de dan huang wei ying wu le 我 把 你 吃 剩 的 蛋 黄 喂 鹦 鹉 了 A single character like玛,鹦，though it is the combination of sound and meaning, has no meaning at all. One morpheme word: 我，吃， 鹦鹉，葡萄 1) one syllable, go, 来，去， 天，地，好，买 2) two syllables, sister. yingwu (鹦鹉), manao(玛瑙)， 仿佛，枇杷，咖啡、尴尬、蜘蛛 3) three syllables, liberty, 巧克力，歇斯底里, 布尔什维克 One morpheme one character, or two/three characters 1）? words to Inflecting language,not isolating language 西方形态分析不适合汉语 词的标准：Words are the smallest meaningful units which are internally stable in terms of the order of morphemes Eg: we, courage. According to Cruse, Two criteria: a.???words are the smallest mobile units. I saw Mary/ Mary saw me. But morpheme can’t move.