生物化学基础知识2.pptVIP

Many biochemical structures and processes are affected by pH due to the involvement of groups behaving as weak acids and weak bases. pH values in biological systems are usually strictly kept constant (near pH 7.0) by buffering pairs of conjugate acid-bases (e.g., the phosphate buffer H2PO4-/HPO42- in cytoplasm and the bicarbonate buffer H2CO3/HCO3- in blood, better with CO2 gas to dissolved H2CO3 conversion). 生物化学基础 生物化学基础 生物化学基础 Chapter 2 生物化学基础知识 Some Important Chemical Concepts and Principles for Studying Biochemistry 2.4 水（water，H2O） 生物化学基础 2.4.1 The structure and characteristics of water The water molecule is dipolar and highly cohesive. The electron outer shell of the oxygen atom is roughly tetrahedral, with two hydrogen atoms at two corners, and two pairs of electrons (lone pairs) at the other two corners. 生物化学基础 The oxygen atom is partially negative and the two hydrogen atoms are partially positive. Each water molecule can serve as both H donor and acceptor, forming hydrogen bonds with as many as four neighboring water molecules, providing strong cohesive forces between them. 生物化学基础 The structure of water molecule 生物化学基础 Hydrogen bond in water (liquid) 生物化学基础 Water has a higher melting point, boiling point, and heat of vaporization than most other common solvents due to their high cohesiveness (hydrogen bonding capacity). 生物化学基础 Water interacts electrostatically with charged solutes Water is a polar solvent. It readily dissolves most biomolecules, which are generally charged or polar compounds Compounds that dissolve easily in water are hydrophilic (Greek, “water-loving”). In contrast, nonpolar solvents such as chloroform and benzene are poor solvents for polar biomolecules but easily dissolve those that are hydrophobic—nonpolar molecules such as lipids and waxes. 生物化学基础 Water is an excellent solvent for polar molecules. It competes for hydrogen bonds or forms oriented/structured shells around ions. Biomolecules are mostly water soluble (hydrophilic,