第2讲 翻译中的形合与意合 汉英翻译 教学课件.ppt

中国农业大学人文与发展学院外语系教案 课程名称：汉英翻译 单元主题：形合与意合 任课教师：赵挺 授课班级：英语071/072 包饺子 美国人制订修改法律和中国人包饺子一样 就像中国人包顿饺子那样，馅用什么料，咸了淡了，面和软了硬了，每每免不了要一番吵吵嚷嚷 Make dumplings The US-styled legislation(立法） and law review(修改法律）is very much comparable to making dumplings in China. It is just as likely contain the same types of familiar and bitter arguments such as whether certain ingredients are to be used in the filler, or whether filling itself tastes too bland or salty, or whether the dough is to dry or too soft to use. 形合—hypataxis 意合--parataxis 形合指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系. 意合指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达. 王力: “西洋语的结构好象连环,虽则环与环都联络起来,毕竟有联络的痕迹,中国语的结构好象无缝天衣,只是一块一块的硬凑,凑起来还不让它有痕迹.所以西洋的语法是硬的,没有弹性的;中文的语法是软的,富有弹性的.” 英语注重形合，注重结构﹑形式，常常借助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨（preciseness);汉语注重意合，注重功能﹑意义，常常不用或少用连接手段，因而比较简洁（conciseness) 今天食堂吃饺子。 叉子吃不好吃筷子吧。 吃食堂味道不好。 这些说法在汉语里都可以成立。但细想一下，就会发现问题：到底 “谁” 吃“谁”？！这种紊乱的施事（Agent）与受事（Object）关系在英语中简直是离经叛道，却在汉语里显得那么自然。英语则必须说： Jiaozi are served in the canteen today. (今天食堂有饺子吃) Eat with chopsticks if you can’t (do it well) with a fork. (用叉子吃不好就用筷子吃吧) The food served in the canteen doesn’t taste good. (在食堂吃的饭菜味道不好) 英语上述各句中的“吃”都隐含有逻辑主语（即施事者）“人”，而原文句中的主语功能都变成了施事的方式或场所。 1）江山易改，本性难移(隐含对比） It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature. 聪明一世，糊涂一时 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 2)良药苦口,忠言腻耳.(隐含类比） Faithful words offend the ears just as good medicine tastes bitter. 3)有饭大家吃（隐含条件） Let everybody share the food if there is any. 4)他老是见异思迁（隐含时间） He is always changing his mind as soon as he sees something new. 5)早知今日，何必当初？（隐含假设） If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently. 我于冬日前去参观，但见衰柳寒烟，一水茫茫而已。(沈复“浮生六记”） “衰柳寒烟”，“一水茫茫” 译文1：I went there in winter, and could see nothing but unanimated trees and smokes. There is only a range of poor water. 译文2： I went there on a winter day and saw only a stretch of cold water against some sparse willows trees and a frosty sky.