2_【2010 J Mater Sci】Pb-doped LCO 4.5V.pdfVIP

J Mater Sci (2010) 45:2317–2323 DOI 10.1007/s10853-009-4195-z Effect of Pb doping on structural and electrochemical properties of combustion synthesised LiCoO2 powder S. Valanarasu • R. Chandramohan Received: 1 September 2009 / Accepted: 31 December 2009 / Published online: 20 January 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 Abstract Pb-doped LiCoO2 cathode materials, contain- only 0.5 mol/mol of LiCoO2, beyond which the layered ing 0–10 mol% of Pb were synthesised by the starch- rhombohedral structure collapses and gives way to an assisted combustion technique. X-ray diffraction analyses electrochemically inactive monoclinic phase. Transition revealed the existence of rhombohedral LiCoO2 (R-3m) for and non-transition elements, e.g. Ti [7], Cr [8], Mn [9], Ni all compounds. Scanning electron microscopy showed a [10], Fe [11], Cu [12], Bi, Zr, Sn [13], Zn [12], Mo, V [14] distinct grain growth with increasing Pb content. The have been studied extensively as dopants in LiCoO2 with synthesised samples are characterised using X-ray photo- the aim of improving its electrochemical characteristics in electron spectra (XPS), to investigate the elementary states terms of cycling efficiency, intercalation voltage and cost on the system. The electrical conductivity of Pb-doped reduction. Though Pb is toxic, its mean value of toxicity is LiCoO2 system tends to increase with Pb content signifi- lower than Co [ 15]. Thus, the addition of Pb reduces the net cantly. Decrease of the electrode impedance was observed toxicity of the system. Also, Pb is reported to be doped into with increase in Pb content in system. An excellent some superconductor materials to increase the carrier reversible capacity was observed for the cathode contain- concen