抗生素与农业（英文PPT）Antibiotics in Agriculture Science, Public Policy, and the MarketplacePPT.ppt

Union of Concerned Scientists, Hogging It, 2001.h Antibiotics in Agriculture: Science, Public Policy, and the Marketplace Rebecca Goldburg, Senior Scientist,Environmental Defense November, 2004 The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis Federal Interagency Task Force, 2001: Antimicrobial resistance is “a growing menace to all people” Without effective action, treatments for common infections “will become increasingly limited and expensive – and, in some cases, nonexistent.“ Relative Causation Medical overuse is a major factor But, massive agricultural use of antibiotics likely also plays a large role in generating and distributing resistance genes Precise quantification of relative contributions probably impossible… ... but simultaneous action on medical and agricultural fronts is not! Key terminology Non-therapeutic Generally added to feed For “growth promotion” For “routine prophylaxis” – compensate for crowded conditions Therapeutic Treat sick animals or those likely to get sick because of illness in the herd or flock “Routine Prophylaxis” Crowding Stress Poor hygiene Poor diet Premature weaning Rx Medically important antibiotics used as non-therapeutic feed additives Macrolides Penicillins Tetracyclines Streptogramins Aminoglycosides Lincomycin Sulfonamides Bacitracin HUMANS (General Populace) Routes of Exposure Antibiotics WORKERS ENVIRONMENT Resistant Bacteria Animals FOOD Transfer of Resistance Genes Bacteria “teach” each other to outwit antibiotics Plasmids and more Readily transferred Even to distantly related bacteria Confirmed in human gut, mouth Via FOOD handling, consumption HUMANS (General Populace) Routes of Exposure Antibiotics Via WORKERS Handling of feed, manure; transfer to family, community Via ENVIRONMENT Contamination of water, soil, air by bacteria and antibiotics Resistant Bacteria Animals “AR genes … once evolved in bacteria of any kind anywhere, can spread indirectly through the world’s interco