抗生素与耐药（英文PPT）Antibiotics and ResistancePPT.ppt

Antibioticsand Resistance Prepared by Stephanie Aldret Cell Physiology Fall 2002 What is an Antibiotic? An Antibiotic is a chemical substance that inhibits bacterial growth or kills bacteria; it is produced naturally by bacteria and fungi. How does an Antibiotic Work? An Antibiotic… Prevents the cell wall from forming Prevents protein synthesis Interferes with nucleic acid synthesis Disrupts plasma and/or outer membranes Serves as an antimetabolite Types of Antibiotics: Beta-lactam antibiotics keep the cell wall from forming. Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, and Macrolides interfere with translation or inhibit polypeptide growth. Quinolones bind to bacterial RNA polymerase and inhibit RNA synthesis. Polymixins act as detergents and bind to phospholipids in the plasma membrane; Polyenes bind to sterols in fungi. Sulfa drugs interfere with bacterial metabolism. What is Antibiotic Resistance? Antibiotic Resistance is the ability to resist the harmful effects of antibiotics by… Alteration of target receptor proteins Prevention of entry into the cell Destruction of antibiotic upon entry Association with antibiotic which blocks entry Pump antibiotic out of cell before activation Bypass affected step in the metabolic pathway It is rare for a bacterium to possess more than 1, but it is known that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is resistant to all present antibiotics. Side Effects of Antibiotics Toxicity Allergy Disruption of Normal Microflora Limiting Antibiotic Resistance Use high doses of antibiotics long enough to kill or weaken bacteria enough for natural defenses to kill them Synergism/Potentiating drug interactions Restrict to essential use only Summary Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by bacteria and fungi that are used to kill bacteria by interfering with cellular processes. Antibiotic Resistance is the ability to resist the harmful effects of antibiotics. Resistance is acquired through genetic mutation, the ingestion of genetic material for resistance,