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Non-linearAge-dependentPopulationDynamics
MORTON E. GURTIN RICHARD C. MACCAMY
1. Introduction
The simplest model of population dynamics is based on the Malthusian law
i = 5P (5 = constant), (1.1)
where P(t) is the total population at time t and 5 is the growth modulus. This
law is clearly inapplicable to situations in which the population competes for
resources (e.g., space and food), for in these situations 5 should depend on the
size of the population: the larger the population, the slower should be its rate
of growth.
To overcome this deficiency in the Malthusian law, VERHULST [1845, 1847]
assumed that
fi=(6o-co0 P ) P (5o, COo=constant). (1.2)
For 5o and COopositive this differential equation has a stable equilibrium point
P = r 6o/COo, and populations with P ( 0 ) ~ grow monotonically to ~ as t--* oo.
The solution of (1.2),
P ( t ) = , (1.3)
1+ ( p ~ 0 ) - 1 ) e -a~
has been applied, with remarkable success, to fit the growth curves of various
types of populations, t
The chief disadvantage of the Malthus and Verhulst models is that they yield
no information whatsoever concerning the age distribution of the population,
and, in fact, are based on the tacit assumption that the birth and death proce
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