学习报告W3（孙凤影）.ppt

these things are called basic blocks 调用者和被调用者保存寄存器 被调用者保存寄存器 Caller says to callee, “The values of these registers should not change when you return to me.” Callee says, “If I need to use these registers, I promise to save the old values to memory first and restore them before I return to you.” 调用者保存寄存器 Caller says to callee, “If there is anything I care about in these registers, I already saved it myself.” Callee says to caller, “Don’t count on them staying the same values after I am done. 也即是：在给定的时刻只能有一个过程是活动的, 它占使用CPU的程序寄存器组. 程序寄存器组作为一个单个资源被所有的函数过程共享.? 所以, 我们必须保证: 一个过程(调用者)调用另一个(被调用者)时, 被调用者不会覆盖某个调用者稍后会使用到的寄存器的值. these things are called basic blocks R2000 寄存器使用惯例 r0: 总是为0 r1: 为汇编程序保留 r2, r3: 函数返回值 r4~r7: 函数调用参数 r8~r15: 调用者保存临时变量 r16~r23: 被调用者保存临时变量 r24~r25: 调用者保存临时变量 r26, r27: 为操作系统保留 r28: 全局指针 r29: 堆栈指针 r30: 被调用者保存临时变量 r31: 返回地址 these things are called basic blocks stack pointer GPR[r29] R2000 存储器使用惯例 static data text reserved free space stack space dynamic data grow down grow up low address high address binary executable 1、调用者可以节省caller-saved寄存器2、调用参数装入r4 ~ r73、调用者跳被调用者使用JAL4、被调用者在堆栈上分配空间(12月堆栈指针)5、被调用者将callee-saved寄存器保存到堆栈(r4 ~ r7,旧的r29,r31)6、被调用者加载结果至r2,r37、被恢复保存寄存器的值8、JR r319、调用者继续返回值在r2,r3 调用惯例 2、Recitation DRAM-based memory system： Cells, banks, refresh, performance hog, row hammer DRAM in the System * CORE 1 L2 CACHE 0 SHARED L3 CACHE DRAM INTERFACE CORE 0 CORE 2 CORE 3 L2 CACHE 1 L2 CACHE 2 L2 CACHE 3 DRAM BANKS Multi-Core Chip DRAM MEMORY CONTROLLER DRAM刷新电路 * Bank 2 Bank 3 Bank 0 Capacitor Accesstransistor Bitline Wordline MemoryBus MEMORY CONTROLLER Refresh 刷新的缺点:1、能源消耗2、性能下降3、QoS /可预测性的影响4、刷新率限制DRAM扩展能力 DRAM功耗 * Bank 1 Bank 2 Bank 3 Bank 0 MemoryBus MEMORY CONTROLLER 内存性能:应用程序被不公平地放缓b / c DRAM控制器设计最大化吞吐量 matlab gcc Row of Cells Row Row Row Row Wordline VLOW VHIGH Victim Row Victim Row Aggressor Row 在大多数今天你可以买到的真正的DRAM芯片中，连续多次开