新编简明英语语言学教程：2015-5-31-Linguistics-chapter_2_handout_and_exercises_for_students.docVIP

Chapter 2 Phonology 2.1 Speech sounds 2.1.1 Speech sounds Speech sounds: the individual meaningful sounds utilized by all human languages to represent meanings. What is or is not an individual speech sound depends on the particular language. 2.1.2 Phonic medium: The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language. 2.2 Phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics? a) definition: Phonetics is the science of the phonic medium of language, which aims to provide the set of features or properties that can be used to describe and distinguish all the sounds used in human language. b) the branches of phonetics: articulatory phonetics (the longest history and the main concern): The study of how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.—from the speaker’s point of view. ii) auditory phonetics: The study of how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. —from the hearer’s point of view. iii) acoustic phonetics: The study of how sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. 2.2.2 IPA a) non-correspondences between sound and written symbol. b) Representing speech on paper—IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) phonetic transcription: sets of symbols that can be used for transcribing sounds in language. The present system of the IPA derives mainly from one developed in 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), and his colleagues at University of London. IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The main principles of IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) i) there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound ii) the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears iii) The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolu