美国能源依赖之谜-InstitutefortheAnalysisofGlobalSecurity.PDFVIP

The Myth of U.S. Energy Dependence --What We Got Wrong About OPECs Oil Embargo 美国能源依赖之谜美国能源依赖之谜 美国能源依赖之谜美国能源依赖之谜 --我们对欧佩克石油禁运的误解何在 作者：盖尔 ·拉夫特，安妮 ·柯林 本文 2013 年 10 月 15 日发表于 《外交事务》（原文请参考： http: /articles/140172/gal-luft-and-anne-korin/the-myth-of-us-energy-dependence ） America’s first Energy Secretary James Schlesinger once observed that when it comes to the country’s approach to energy “we have only two modes - complacency and panic.” The oil and gas boom the U.S. is currently experiencing, which could one day crown it as the world’s largest oil producer, has tilted the pendulum toward complacency and a perceived sense of abundance. But forty years ago it was panic that governed as petroleum prices quadrupled in a matter of months, and Americans, enduring a gasoline shortage, waiting for hours in long queues in service stations only to be greeted by the sign “Sorry, no gasoline,” suffered a national trauma. Three separate, not entirely unrelated, threads of events were forged by the occluding heat of events and the passage of time into a narrative which reverberates to this day in U.S. policy making: the cause of these ills, Americans explained to themselves, was the Arab Oil Embargo – the decision by Iran and the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to cut off oil exports to America and its allies as punishment for their support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. 美国第一任能源部长施莱辛格 曾说，提到能源问题 “我们只有两种模式：自满和恐 慌。”美国目前正经历的油气繁荣未来某一天可能会让它成为世界上最大的石油生产国， 这已经使美国人的情绪天平向自满和石油充裕之感倾斜 。而四十年前，当汽油价格在几月 之内翻了四倍的时候，这种情绪还由恐慌所主导。当时的美国人忍受着汽油短缺的困扰， 在加油站排长队等待几个小时之后却看到 “对不起，汽油已售完”的标志，这曾经让所有 美国人很受伤 。随着对这些事件的激烈争论及时间的推移，经过三个独立但略有关联的事 件发展阶段逐渐形成了当今美国政策制定所反映出来的说法：美国人自我解释说，造成这 些痛苦经历的原因是阿拉伯国家石油禁运，即 1973 年伊朗和其他欧佩克阿拉伯成员国决 定切断向美国和其盟国的石油出口，以惩罚他们在赎罪日战争中对以色列的支持。 By the time the six-month embargo was lifted in March 1974,