国际经济学Chap003.pptVIP

Back Increasing Returns to Scale and Specialization Cost incentives for specialization Benefit from longer production runs, decreasing average costs Home market effect Specializing in products with large domestic demand Minimized shipping costs coupled with economies of scale Smaller countries might become deindustrialized becoming peripheral to the economic core Continued Overlapping Demands as a Basis for Trade Theory of overlapping demands - Staffan Linder Firms are motivated to manufacture goods with a large domestic market Export is an extension of this production Consumer tastes are strongly conditioned by income levels Nations with similar per capita incomes likely consume similar types of manufactured goods and will likely trade with each other Overlapping Demands as a Basis for Trade Potential for trade in manufactured goods between wealthy and poor nations is small Small extent of demand overlap Linder’s theory and facts High proportion of trade in manufactured goods takes place among the relatively high-income nations Bulk of lower income, developing countries tend to have more trade with high-income countries than with lower-income countries Intraindustry Trade Intraindustry specialization Opening up of trade: Range of products produced and sold by each nation changes Intraindustry Trade (Examples: Table 3.7) Appears to be incompatible with the models of comparative advantage Involves flows of goods with similar factor requirements Reasons for trade in homogeneous goods: Transportation costs Seasonal Most trade occurs in differentiated products Back Intraindustry Trade Differentiated products in industrial nations “Majority’’ and ‘‘minority’’ consumer tastes Overlapping demand segments Intraindustry trade is explained by product differentiation and economies of scale Fewer adjustment problems are likely to occur with specialization Transfer of resources from import-competing to export-expanding sectors Lessened problem of structural unemployement