湘大高分子专业英语Charpter 4-2PPT.ppt

* Liquids that undergo a decrease in viscosity with time are called thixotropic, or false-bodied. Those that undergo an increase in viscosity with time are called rheopectic (shear thickening). The term creep is used to describe the slow slippage of polymer chains over a long period of time. The Herschel-Buckley equation [Eq. (4.12)] is a general equation which reduces to the Bingham equation when η = 1 and to the Newtonian equation when η = 1 and s0 = 0: where Φ is related to viscosity. (4.12) Eyring has explained liquid flow using a random hole–filling model in which the holes account for about 15% of the volume at room temperature. The size of these holes is similar to that of small molecules, and hole filling is restrained by an energy barrier which is about one-third the value of the heat of evaporation. The number of holes increases as the temperature increases, and thus flow or hole filling is temperature-dependent. * 该经历的粘度随时间的减少液体被称为触变性或假体。那些经受粘度增加与时间被称为rheopectic（剪切增稠）。术语蠕变是用来描述聚合物链的缓慢滑移以上的很长一段时间。赫歇尔-巴克利方程[方程. (4.12)]是一个通用公式，降低到宾汉方程，当η= 1和牛顿方程，当η= 1和s0 = 0： 其中Φ是相关的粘度 (4.12) Eyring已经使用随机空穴填充模型，其中所述孔占大约15％在室温下的体积的解释液体流动。这些孔的尺寸是相似的小分子，和孔的填充是通过能量势垒是蒸发的热量的约三分之一的值的限制。孔的数量增加随着温度的升高，并因此流或孔的填充是温度依赖性的。 * Small molecules jump into the holes and leave empty holes when their energy exceeds the activation energy (Ea). This last value is smaller for linear polymers which fill the holes by successive correlated jumps of chain segments along the polymer chain. The jump frequency Φ is governed by a segmental factor (f0), and both Φ and f0 are related to molecular structure and temperature. For convenience and simplicity, polymers have been considered to be isotropic in which the principal force is shear stress. While such assumptions are acceptable for polymers at low shear rates, they fail to account for stresses perpendicular to the plane of the shear stress, which are encountered at high shear rates. Thus, an extrudate such as a pipe or filament expands when it emerges