弹性力学第章数学基础教学教材.pptVIP

* 土木工程专业：弹性力学 四喜 久旱逢甘露 他乡遇故知 金榜题名时 洞房花烛夜 四忧 久旱逢甘露几滴 他乡遇故知行乞 金榜题名时落第 洞房花烛夜隔壁 第二章 数学基础 第一节 标量和矢量 第二节 笛卡尔张量 第三节 二阶笛卡尔张量 第四节 高斯积分定理 第一节 标量和矢量 一、标量和矢量的定义（definition） 标量（scalar） A scalar is a quantity characterized by magnitude only, for example: mass. 矢量（vector） A vector is a quantity characterized by both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity. 二、矢量的表示 大小和方向确定分量 A is completely defined by its magnitude A and by its three direction anglesθ1 , θ2 and θ3 矢量A在三个坐标轴上的投影（分量） A x1 x2 x3 ?1 ?2 ?3 o 分量（投影）确定矢量 已知分量，矢量的大小和方向可由几何关系得到 A x1 x2 x3 ?1 ?2 ?3 o The three components A1, A2, A3 may be written simply as Ai with the range convention, that any subscript is to take on the values 1, 2, and 3 unless otherwise stated. 三、坐标变换（Coordinate Transformation） 考虑坐标原点重合的直角坐标系 x?1, x?2, x?3 和 x1, x2, x3 如图所示。 用 aij 表示新旧坐标轴 x?i 和 xj 之间的夹角的余弦 x2 x1 x3 x?1 x?2 x?3 The Cosine of The Angles Between xi and xj Axes x1 x2 x3 x1 a11 a12 a13 x2 a21 a22 a23 x3 a31 a32 a33 矢量在某轴上的投影=分量在同一轴投影的代数和 Using the above range convention, these equations may be written more compactly as 所以应有关系 x2 x1 x3 x?1 x?2 x?3 A 矢量A向新坐标轴x1投影（类似于合力投影定理） 记 坐标变换矩阵 则有 We may achieve a further simplification by adopting the summation convention requiring that twice-repeated subscripts in an expression always imply summation over the range 1-3. In this case, we have It is important to notice that the repeated subscript j in this equation is a so-called dummy index, which can equally well be replaced with another subscript, say k. 同理，可得到由新坐标的分量表示旧坐标系的分量 四、正交关系 （Orthogonality Relations） We introduce the so-called Kronecker delta symbol δij defined as Any set of vector components Ai may be written as 根据求和约定 In a similar way, we may also obtain These equations are referred to as orthogonality relations. It thus follows that Above equation may be expressed in the form If the symbol eijk is defined as follows: eijk = +1 for i = 1, j =