大学英语词汇学SECTIONC.pptVIP

Section C Word Formation I Objectives: Discuss morphemes, their classification and identification; Explain the relationship between morphemes and word-formation Teaching focus: Definition of morphemes Definition of allomorphs Types of morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme Definitions of root, stem and base 3.1 Morpheme What is a morpheme？ It is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位 3.2 Morph and allomorph The definition of morphs： The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. 语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。 Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 形素是口语中最小的意义载体。 What is an allomorph? An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme. 语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。 When the plural marker {s} is added to cat, dog, and horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z, -iz/ and thus has three phonological forms; the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme {s}, i.e. the allomorphs of morpheme {s}. 3.3 Classifications of morphemes Free vs. bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occurring alone Derivational vs. inflectional morphemesapplying to affixes only Content / lexical vs. grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basis Free vs. bound morphemes自由语素与粘着语素 Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。 E.g., man, wind, open, tour Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. 粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。 Free morphemes are all roots /free roots, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words. 自由语素都是词根, 也叫