计算机网络科大精品课程ch2-1.pptVIP

Computer Networks - 02 -1 COMPUTER NETWORKSChapter 02 The Physical Layer Part 1 Shoubao Yang Tel: 3601540 syang@ 1/~syang September 2006 Chapter 2 The Physical Layer Essence: Physical layer defines the mechanical, electrical, and timing interfaces to the network, provides the means to transmit bits from sender to receiver, that is, involves a lot on how to use (analog) signals for digital information. What will be talked about? Theoretical analysis of data transmission Transmission media (wires and no wires) Three communication system: telephone, mobile phone, and cable television system 2.1 The Theoretical Basis for Data Communication We’re living in a digital world, meaning that we’d preferably want to send digital (i.e. two-valued) signals through wires. Wires are pretty much physical, meaning that Mother Nature will probably impose a few constraints here and there. Observation: Signals are not entirely transmitted through a wire as you would expect: To understand what’s going on, we need Fourier Analysis. A periodic function with period T (and frequency f = 1/T ), g(t) can be written as: Where f = 1/T is the fundamental frequency, an and bn are the sine and cosine amplitude of the nth harmonics (terms), and c is a constant. 2.1.2 Bandwidth-Limited Signals Example: 8 bit for ASCII “b” an =1/πn[cos(πn/4) -cos(3πn/4) + cos(6πn/4) -cos(7πn/4)] bn = 1/πn[sin(3πn/4) -sin(πn/4) + sin(7πn/4) -sin(6πn/4)] cn = 3/4 The root mean square amplitudes is (an2 + bn2)1/2. Bandwidth What does this all mean? Digital signal transmission can be thought of as being constructed as an infinite number of periodic analog signals. The quality of transmission is frequency dependent, not all parts of the digital signal get through the wire as you would expect. Digital signal transmission is subject to attenuation, distortion, etc. This is partly caused by disallowing high-frequency components to pass through. So the range of frequency or the number of bits of a transmiss