优秀大学统计学授课讲义statistics.pptVIP

Quantitative Data Analysis: Statistics Sherlock Holmes ... while man is an insoluble puzzle, in the aggregate he becomes a mathematical certainty. You can, for example, never foretell what any one man will do, but you can say with precision what an average number will be up to. Individuals vary, but percentages remain constant. So says the statistician Overview General Statistics The Normal Distribution Z-Tests Confidence Intervals T-Tests General Statistics ? ~ THE GOLDEN RULE ~ Statistics NEVER replace the judgment of the expert. Approach to Statistical Research Formulate a Hypothesis State predictions of the hypothesis Perform experiments or observations Interpret experiments or observations Evaluate results with respect to hypothesis Refine hypothesis and start again (Basically the same as all other research) Hypothesis Testing H0 : Null Hypothesis, status quo HA : Alternative Hypothesis, research question So, either : The data does not support H0 or We fail to reject H0 Types of Data Continuous height, age, time Discrete # of days worked this week, # leaves on a tree Ordinal {Good, O.K., Bad} Nominal {Yes/No}, {Teacher/Chemist/Haberdasher} Picturing The Data Pie Charts Nominal/Ordinal Only suitable for data that adds up to 1 Hard to compare values in the chart Bar Charts Nominal/Ordinal Easier to compare values than pie chart Suitable for a wider range of data Dot Plots Nominal/Ordinal Represents all the data Difficult to read Box Plots Nominal/Ordinal 1IQR, 3IQR Outliers Scatter Plots Excellent for examining association between two variables Histograms Continuous Data Divide Data into ranges Time-Series Plots Time related Data e.g. Stock Prices Question 1 In a telephone survey of 68 households, when asked do they have pets, the following were the responses : 16 : No Pets 28 : Dogs 32 : Cats Draw the appropriate graphic to illustrate the results !! Question 1 - Solution Total number surveyed