明清徽州的塾师The Ming and Qing Dynasties in Huizhou.pdfVIP

明清徽州的塾师 摘 要 明清时期的徽州地区，民间设塾之风盛行。塾学的广泛设置，扩大 了对塾师的社会需求，为塾师就业提供了更多的机会。本文从国家的政 治因素、区域社会经济因素及文化传统的继承发展等三个层面，探究了 徽州塾师大量涌现的社会动因。 徽州塾师的教育教学活动有其鲜明特色。其在教学方法上的伦理轨 迹、教学管理中的严格要求、教材教法上的改革创新及塾师行业的自我 规范等，既继承了前人的教育教学传统，又注重教育实践的改革和创新， 丰富了徽州训蒙教育的教学思想和教学经验，推动了徽州教育的发展。 徽州塾师的社会生活，既有清贫单调之苦，又有生动活泼之趣。他 们以“自苦心志”来磨砺和完善自我人格，往往能以读书为乐，甘于贫 困，勤于著述，成为中国传统知识分子“重道轻利”准则的不懈践行者。 本文即尝试运用历史学、社会学等方法，透视徽州塾师在家庭生活、业 余生活中的社会角色，多层次多角度地反映明清时代徽州塾师的生活全 景，从而帮助我们真切体会塾师群体在博大精深的徽州文化中蕴含的文 化底蕴，加深理解徽州“重文崇礼”的文化传统与徽州塾师大量涌现之 间的互动关系。 关键词：明清时期；徽州；塾师 Huizhou Shushi in Ming and Qing Dynasty Abstract In the period of Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huizhou education is prosperous. Though imperial examination system is perfect, in the system of imperial-examination national education, the basic effect of elementary education isn’t reduced. As the backbone of elementary educational undertakers, every group and level of Shushi merits close attention. The article makes a deep study in the field of politics, economy and cultural tradition on the reasons for the emergence in large numbers of Huizhou Shushi in Ming and Qing Dynasty, excloses the teaching feature of Huizhou Shushi’s “virtue and courtesy first, then action and culture”, tries to pentrate the roles of Huizhou Shushi in the home life and sparetime life by means of history,pedagogue and sociology,mirror the panorama of Huizhou Shushi in Ming and Qing Dynasty from every angle and level. It can help us more accurately understand the inside information of Shushi in the elegant and extensive Huizhou culture, deepen our comprehension on the mutual relation between the tradition of Huizhou culture and the emergence in large number of Huizhou Shushi. Key words ：Ming and Qing Dynasty ；Huizhou ；Shushi