[文学]自考语言与文化Chapter_2 1.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Words and Meaning 1. What are words and meaning? 1) Words (that are intuitively) are basic units of meaning. Words represent meanings, and words may represent several types of meaning simultaneously. Classification of word meanings--Geoffrey N. Leech conceptual meaning 概念意义 connotative meaning内涵意义 social meaning 社会意义 affective meaning 情感意义 reflective meaning 联想意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 thematic meaning 主题意义 2) Seven types of meaning. Conceptual Meaning 概念定义 ----the basic meaning presented by meaningful linguistic units. Dog—————————— ————————狗 Conceptual meaning-Denotation The denotative meaning is also called the conceptual meaning. It is the denotative in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. The connotative meaning refers to the emotional association a word carries. For example, mother, denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with love, care, tenderness, warmth, support, etc. These connotation are not given in the dictionary, but associated with the word in the mind of readers or speakers. The denotation of a word is the thing in the real world the word is linked to. The connotation of a word refers to the emotional associations that a word may carry. words that carry emotion honesty, courage, traitor, deceit love, hate, fear, joy, sorrow, damn, shit sincere, hypocritical, wonderful, skinny words that do not carry emotion in, on, at, within so, but, since, because, though a, an, the he, she, my, mine book, lamp, desk, window, door add, subtract, swim, run, read Connotative meaning Negative There are 2,000 vagrants in the city. Neutral There are 2,000 people with no fixed addresses in the city. Positive There are 2,000 homeless in the city. All three of these expressions refer to the same people, but they will invoke different emotive associations in the readers’ mind: a ‘vagrant’ is a public nuisance, w