第章细胞骨架稿件教材讲义.ppt

Figure 1. Microtubule Assembly Dynamics and Organization in Higher Plant Cells. Microtubules are composed of /?-tubulin heterodimers that are assembled in a head-to-tail fashion to form linear protofilaments that associate laterally within the typical 13-protofilament, 25-nm microtubule. The ?-tubulin end is fast growing and the more dynamic end (+end), whereas the -tubulin end is slow growing and the less dynamic end (–end). Under conditions where the minus-ends of the microtubules are anchored, only the freely exposed plus-ends are dynamic and exhibit periods of growth and shortening with stochastic transitions between these two phases (dynamic instability). If both ends of the microtubules are freely accessible to the soluble tubulin subunits, then the assembly dynamics may be marked by net polymerization at the plus-ends and net depolymerization at the minus-ends, thereby leading to a directional subunit flux (shown by the gray subunits) and an apparent repositioning of the polymer over time (treadmilling). * 微管在体外的组装过程可以分为成核(nucleation) 和延伸(elongation) 两个阶段。通过在两端以及侧面增加二聚体而扩展成片状，当片状聚合物加宽到大致13 根原纤丝时，即合拢成为一段微管。新的微管蛋白二聚体不断地组装到这段微管的两端，使之延长。 通常持有α-微管蛋白的一端（负极）组装较慢，而持有β-微管蛋白的一端（正极）组装较快。 微管的组装底物（携带GTP 的α/β-微管蛋白二聚体）的浓度 有关 * * * * * 中心体含有一对桶状的中心粒，它们彼此垂直分布，外面被无定形的中心粒外周物质所包围。 中心粒是一个直径0.2 μm，长0.4 μm 的桶状结构。每个中心粒含有9 组等间距的三联体微管。 * 中心体含有一对桶状的中心粒，它们彼此垂直分布，外面被无定形的中心粒外周物质所包围。 中心粒是一个直径0.2 μm，长0.4 μm 的桶状结构。每个中心粒含有9 组等间距的三联体微管。 Schematic diagram of a typical mammalian centrosome composed of two centrioles (mother and daughter centriole) surrounded by a meshwork of pericentriolar material (PCM). Both centrioles are connected through interconnecting fibers. The mother centriole is distinguished from the daughter centriole by distal and subdistal appendages. The centrosomal material consists of a fibrous scaffolding lattice with a large amount of coiled-coil centrosome proteins and the centrosomes three-dimensional architecture is primarily maintained through specific protein–prot