超声BASE教学课件.ppt

Diagnostic of Ultrasonography;Foundations of Ultrasonography;;Compared with CTMRI;Qualities of a Sonographer;Basic ultrasound principles;Compared with Audible sound;Basic ultrasound principles;Basic ultrasound principles;The frequency and wavelength of commonly used ultrasound;超声的束射性;Basic ultrasound principles;正压电效应 ?? a. 晶体未受外力时，两侧不带电荷b. 晶体受压力；c.晶体受拉力。 ;Basic ultrasound principles;Basic ultrasound principles;Basic ultrasound principles;人体正常组织的声阻抗 ;Sound Reflections:reflections most frequently received are those that occurred at a perpendicular incidence.The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.this occurs at most specular interfaces where the boundary is smooth and where the dimensions of the interface are larder than the wavelength(i.e.,diaphragm,walls of vessels) Sound not reflected is transmitted through the interface.Refraction(change in direction of sound)can occur if the incident angle is not zero and if the velocities of sound of the two materials forming the boundary are not equal. Nonspecular refers to interfaces that are smaller than wavelength or not smooth,(l.e.,red blood cells,liver parenchyma,etc) ;超声传播图示 a发射；b绕射；c散射 ;Basic ultrasound principles;Basic ultrasound principles;中文小结对人体器官进行探测的基础：在介质中以直线传播，有良好的指向性 当超声经两种声阻抗不同相邻介质的界面时，其声阻抗差大于0.1％，而界面又明显大于波长，即大界面时，则发生反射，一部分声能在界面后方的相邻介质中产生折射，超声继续传播，遇到另一个界面又产生反射，直至声能耗竭。反射回来的超声为回声。声阻抗差越大，则反射越强，如果界面比波长小，即小界面时，则发生散射。 衰减：即振幅与强度减小。衰减与介质的衰减系数呈正比，与距离平方呈反比，还与介质的吸收与散射有关。;多普勒效应（Doppler effect）：活动的界面对声源作相对运动可改变反射回声的频率。这种效应使超声能检查心脏活动和胎儿活动以及血流状态。;Instrumentation;Instrumentation;;大脑A型超声仪波形图 ;Instrumentation;肝脏切面的B型超声成像图（二维） ;Display Modes;心脏左室长轴M型超声心动图;Display Modes;;Display Modes;;;;;;四维：即实时的三维成像技术，可动态的观察三维图象；;;Display Modes;;;Display Modes;;;;Display Modes;正常肾动脉血流频谱图 ;肾动脉狭窄的血流频谱图 ;超声设备：主要由超声换能器即探头（probe）和发射与接收、显示与记录以及电源等部分组成 ;;Display Modes;; ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ;Artifacts;;;KEY TERMS;KEY TERMS;KEY TERMS;KEY TERMS;KEY TER