[医学]酸碱平衡紊乱.pptVIP

讲 述 内 容 正常酸碱平衡 反映酸碱平衡的常用指标及其意义 单纯型性酸碱平衡紊乱 混合型酸碱平衡紊乱 ACID BASE HOMEOSTASIS Acid-Base homeostasis involves chemical and physiologic processes responsible for the maintenance of the acidity of body fluids at levels that allow optimal function of the whole individual The chemical processes represent the first line of defense to an acid or base load and include the extracellular and intracellular buffers The physiologic processes modulate acid-base composition by changes in cellular metabolism and by adaptive responses in the excretion of volatile acids by the lungs and fixed acids by the kidneys ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS ACID BASE HOMEOSTASIS The need for the existence of multiple mechanisms involved in Acid-Base regulation stems from the critical importance of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration on the operation of many cellular enzymes and function of vital organs, most prominently the brain and the heart The task imposed on the mechanisms that maintain Acid-Base homeostasis is large Metabolic pathways are continuously consuming or producing H+ The daily load of waste products for excretion in the form of volatile and fixed acids is substantial ACID-BASE BALANCE Acid - Base balance is primarily concerned with two ions: Hydrogen (H+) Bicarbonate (HCO3- ) Derangements of hydrogen and bicarbonate concentrations in body fluids are common in disease processes H+ ion has special significance because of the narrow ranges that it must be maintained in order to be compatible with living systems Primarily controlled by regulation of H+ ions in the body fluids Especially extracellular fluids ACID-BASE REGULATION Maintenance of an acceptable pH range in the extracellular fluids is accomplished by three mechanisms: 1) Chemical Buffers React very rapidly(less than a second) 2) Respiratory Regulation Reacts rapidly (seconds to minutes) 3) Renal Regulation Reacts slowly (minutes to hours) ACID-BASE REGULATION Chemical Buffers The body uses pH buffers in the blood to guard a