[经济学]CommodityTaxation.pptVIP

Reusing what we know General results – what do we know? On commodity taxation On personal income tax Derive “optimal” commodity tax rules using standard second-best techniques a case for simplification? Commodity tax rules on reform Integration with income tax? Issues of information Modelling of incentives For overview and introduction Salanié, B. (2003) Kaplow (2008b), pp125-136 A simple policy rule High tk where you have a low |ek| So if you impose commodity taxes in order to raise revenue then, to minimise waste: put high taxes on commodities with low (compensated) elasticities and vice versa Accords with diagrammatic view earlier But this is based on a highly simplified model… The Ramsey rule The Ramsey tax rule: “reduce demand for every taxable good in the same proportion” Does not prescribe uniform tax rates Does not give us an explicit formula for tax rate But is at heart of commodity-tax design Yields interpretable rules Simple example (Corlett and Hague 1953) Two taxable consumer goods and (untaxable) labour Tax more heavily the good that is complementary with the untaxed good More insight from interpretation by Atkinson and Stiglitz, (1972) Atkinson-Stiglitz interpretation Define : Ramsey rule for ad valorem taxes: If ? elastic labour supply (J0=0) and if Uik=0, i?k, : (“intuitive” result from DWL argument) If inelastic labour supply (J0=?) does this mean uniform taxation? Arguments for Uniform Taxation? Invention of new commodities Substitutability may make it difficult to specify robust “boundaries” between commodities. But such boundaries are essential for differential tax rates. “Fine-tuning” of tax rates may be infeasible. Administration cost Formal model of complexity? Degree of disaggregation of the tax-collecting process Minimisation of errors (Dhami and Al-Nowaihi 2006) Perceived equity Special taxes for “special” goods : OK Higher taxes for “luxuries” : OK But, “discriminatory” taxes elsewhere? Heterogeneous consumers Broader