内燃机原理CHAPTER2.doc

CHAPTER 2 ENGINE DESIGN AND OPERATING 2.1 IMPORTANT ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS In this chapter, some basic geometrical relationships and the parameters commonly used to characterize engine operation are developed. The factors important to an engine user are: 1. The engines performance over its operating range 2. The engines fuel consumption within this operating range and the cost of the required fuel 3. The engines noise and air pollutant emissions within this operating range 4. The initial cost of the engine and its installation 5. The reliability and durability of the engine, its maintenance requirements, and how these affect engine availability and operating costs These factors control total engine operating costs-usually the primary consideration of the user-and whether the engine in operation can satisfy environmental regulations. This book is concerned primarily with the performance, efficiency, and emissions characteristics of engines; the omission of the other factors listed above does not, in any way, reduce their great importance. Engine performance is more precisely defined by: 1. The maximum power (or the maximum torque) available at each speed within the useful engine operating range 2. The range of speed and power over which engine operation is satisfactory The following performance definitions are commonly used: Maximum rated power. The highest power an engine is allowed to develop for short periods of operation. Normal rated power. The highest power an engine is allowed to develop in continuous operation. Rated speed. The crankshaft rotational speed at which rated power is developed. 2.2 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES The following parameters define the basic geometry ,of a reciprocating engine (see Fig. 2-1): Compression ratio : （2.1） where , is the displaced or swept volume and V, is the clearance volume. Ratio of cylinder bore to piston stroke: （2.2） Ratio of connecting