[英语学习]Lecture 3.pptVIP

读音知位，见位得音 Can Rough Potential Women Explain Ghoti? Transcription Exercise Once upon a time there were Three Bears, who lived together in a house of their own, in wood. One of them was a Little Wee Bear and one was a Middle-Sized Bear and the other was a Great Big Bear. Lecture 3Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Main content of the lesson 2.1 How Speech Sounds Are Made? 2.1.1 Speech Organs 2.1.2 The IPA 2.2 Consonants and Vowels 2.2.1 Consonants 2.2.2 Vowels 2.2.3 The Sounds of English 2.1 How Are Speech Sounds Made? Human beings are capable of producing various kinds of sounds, but only some of the sounds can be the units in the language system. As we mentioned before, language is basically “a system of vocal symbols”. Human speech appeared long before its written forms came into existence. So, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics. In this part, we will focus on the ways of the making of the speech sounds and the patterns in which they are used. “Phonetics” is the study of speech sounds and “phonology” is the study of the patterns of the speech sounds. (p 24) Phonetics can be divided into three main areas: articulatory phonetics- the study of the production of the speech sounds; acoustic phonetics- the study of the physical properties of speech sounds; perceptual or auditory phonetics – the perception of the speech sounds. 2.1.1 Speech organs The speech organs can be divided into three resonating cavities (共鸣腔）: the pharynx （咽腔）, the mouth (oral cavity) and the nose (nasal cavity). The lungs, the trachea and the throat provide the the source and the passage for the air-stream to produce the speech sounds. For different names of the speech organs, refer to p33 in the course-book.  Segments, divergences, and phonetic transcription 1.Segments（音段） and divergences（差异） English is a spelling language whose pronunciation does not truly represent the written symbols. In many cases, letters of the words may be silent. Also there is no fixed way