[信息与通信]9 多媒体通信.pptVIP

网络技术的发展使多媒体通信成为可能 多媒体通信对带宽、时延、时延抖动有严格的要求，但允许一定数量的丢包 * * * * MPEG标识了三种不同类型的帧 I帧(Intrapicture Frame)：自包含的帧，一幅JPEG编码的图像 P帧(Predicated Frame)：通过计算当前帧与前一个帧的差别来进行编码 B帧(Bidirectional Frame)：类似于P帧，但它被插入在前一个帧和后续帧之间 两个问题 不同的帧类型出现在一个帧序列中是怎样的形式 怎样从其他帧重建P帧和B帧? * * I帧周期出现的目的：保证用户可以随时加入多播；消除错误的传播. 它被插入在前后两个帧的匹配块之间 插入(Interpolation)是一种根据已有的两个值测定另一个值的方法 * * t tc tf tp Yp Yc Yf P: past C: current F: future 用线性插值法估算当前值 插值线 网络通信新趋势 多媒体通信方案 * * * * YouTube Broadcast yourself VoIP(Voice over Internet Protocol) Skype more than traditional voice business in 2006 IPTV(Internet Protocol Television) Cisco: IPTV and VoD service generate new revenue Shanghai IPTV subscribers exceed 60,000 to provide more than 70 TV programs * * Network access technologies ISDN, xDSL, Ethernet, GSM/GPRS, UMTS, etc. Different characteristics for bandwidth, delay, loss rate, etc. Applications Interactive/non-interactive, realtime/non-realtime, unicast/multicast etc. Users Different technology background and QoS requirements Normal User likes to have an on/off button Cyborg wants to specify the importance of certain parameters * * 1: on-demand requests for compressed audio/video files. 2: the broadcasting of radio and TV programs through the Internet. 3: the use of the Internet for interactive audio/video applications. 占用大量带宽 低时延和时延抖动 可允许少量丢包 * * 视频编码 复用、打包、通道编码 解复用、解包、通道解码 视频解码 网络 音频编码 音频解码 media stored at source and transmitted to client streaming: client playout begins before all data has arrived timing constraint for still-to-be transmitted data: in time for playout * * * * Examples Internet radio talk show Live sporting event Streaming playback buffer playback can lag tens of seconds after transmission still have timing constraint Interactivity fast forward impossible rewind, pause possible! * * Applications IP telephony, video conference, distributed interactive worlds end-end delay requirements: audio: 150 ms good, 400 ms OK includes application-level (packetization) and network delays * * * * Applicat