天体粒子物理PPT.pptVIP

What causes cosmic rays to get such high energies? Supernovae Pulsars Accreting Black Holes Active Galactic Nuclei Collisions with gas clouds Exotica (cosmic strings, relics of the Big Bang) What’s a cyclotron? Charged particle goes in a circular path with more and more energy 11-year cycles Caused by turbulent plasma Field Strengths up to 1000 gauss As big as 10000 km across! Then a little calculation gives an energy gain of about 0.7 GeV But the magnetic field is changing! (by ~ 2000 gauss/day) But, why should the particles go in a fixed circle anyways? Moving magnetic dipole makes an electric dipole (E ~ v X B) E * q * L = energy (E = 10V/m q = 1 e L = 10000km) GeV-range energies possible Multiple reflection from shock fronts leads to an energy boost up to 100 TeV. A first-order effect (dE proportional to v), so called Fermi-mechanism of 1st order Particle collides with a gas cloud (magnetic) Energy gain is quadratic in the velocity Very small gain with each collision First, what is a neutron star? Supernova remnant (core) Density very high (nuclear) Small (r ~ 10 km) Almost 100% neutrons Plus, angular momentum and magnetic flux are conserved during gravitational collapse: SUN: Radius 106 km, Period 1 month, B ~ 0.1 T Neutron Star: Radius 20 km, Period 1 ms, B ~ 108 T Axis of Rotation usually not parallel to B: It’s a Pulsar! This makes an intense E-field as well (E ~ v X B) of about 1015 V/m but what is the specific mechanism? It all must come from rotational energy, which we can compute to be about 1061 eV (T = 30 ms, M~ 1030 kg, R ~ 20 km) Age of the Galaxy ~ 1010 years, pulsar creation rate once every 100 years ? we have 108 pulsars ? 1067 eV (particle creation efficiency ~ 1%) Volume of the Galaxy ~ 1067 cm3 (disc r~15kpc, t~1kpc) Gives 1 eV/ cm3 Agrees with observation In-falling matter speeds up from gravity, and then is accelerated further by E-field of the neutron star (E ~ v x B) … highest known ene