影响欧洲排污权交易计划的三种类型直接成本,间接成本和不确定性[文献翻译].docVIP

本科毕业论文（设计） 外 文 翻 译 题 目 基于排污权交易规则的环境会计问题研究 专 业 会计学 外文题目 Three types of impact from the European Emission ：direct cost, indirect cost and uncertainty 外文出处 Economics and Management of Climate Change 2008(Part II):P111-123 外文作者 Volker Hoffmann；Thomas Trautmann Three types of impact from the European Emission Trading Scheme: direct cost, indirect cost and uncertainty Abstract The authors identify three types of impact from the European Emission Trading Scheme on the affected companies: direct impact, indirect impact, and uncertainty. While direct impact refers to the cost of buying allowances, indirect impact refers to the increased input factor cost as suppliers price in their emission cost. Uncertainty refers to the limited planning reliability as many details of the regulation are still under negotiation or only last for a few years. Based on a Europe-wide survey, the authors empirically show the relevance and industry dependence of these types of impact to a companys strategic decisions. Keywords: Emission trading, corporate strategy, uncertainty 1 Introduction In January 2005 the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) commenced operation. While the actual trading of emission allowances seems to be up and running, the question remains whether the EU ETS will induce technological innovation in order to reach the Kyoto targets (Gagelmann and Frondel 2005; Hoffmann and Trautmann 2006; Schleich and Betz 2005). There appears to be agreement that an incentive-based approach in environmental policy has a higher probability of inducing cost-effective technology innovation and diffusion than command and control approaches (Jaffe et al. 2004; Majumdar and Marcus 2001). However, for companies reliability in their planning remains crucial, as investment decisions in industries such as the power and the steel industry are currently