中口翻译讲义.docVIP

中口翻译讲义 第1章 语义翻译 理解中的选义 在翻译过程中首先碰到的问题是选义。英语中一词多义、汉语中一词多义，这是常见的语言现象。经过仔细研究，我们可以发现，越是常见的字和词语，越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配。同样一个简单的字或词语，在不同的上下文中，就可能含有不同的意义。这就需要我们依靠具体的上下文来判断某一个字或词语的意义。 run”这一词语义最为丰富，释义最为繁多。下面我们就以“run”一词为例，来看看不同搭配的不同词义和虚实意义。 Run across Run away Run back over Run counter to Run down Run in Run into Run off Run out Run through Run up Run a race Run for presidency Run to sb’s aid Run aground Run wild Run to extremes Run the streets Run a hare Run a car Run a factory Run messages Run oil Run to Run the risk of Run one’s eyes down a list Run a fever Run one’s head into a wall The idea runs in his mind The street runs north The news runs rapidly in the town The machine runs well The river runs east. 如果把字和词组比做砖头，字和词语赖以生存的上下文就是框架结构。如果没有上下文这个框架结构，词和词语这些砖头就无法建立起高楼大厦。翻译中对字和词语的理解就是要从上下文入手。接下来，我们来看第一组例句中head和第二组例句中“头”在不同上下文里的不同选义。 head He was badly wounded in the head. You should use your head a bit. He has a good head for mathematics. The dinner cost us five dollars a head. He was hurt by the head of a needle. He was standing at the head of the staircase. Let’s discuss the question under five heads. The head of his bed was piled with books. Present at the meeting were the heads of government of the four countries. Go and ask the head of our department. Heads or tails? Where is the head? ☆ 头 这娃娃头真大。 The baby has got a real big __________. 她正在梳头。 She was combing her________. 他的女儿正在山头上玩。 His daughter is playing on the ______ of the hill. 一辆小车停在桥西头。 A car was parked at the west _______ of the bridge. 让我从头讲起吧。 Let me tell the story from the ___________. 他把铅笔头扔了。 He has thrown away the pencil_______. 他是我们组的头儿。 He is the ________ of our group. 事情不能只顾一头。 We mustn’t pay attention to only one _____ of the matter. 这还是我头一次来杭州呢。 This is _________ I came to Hangzhou. 我们有三十头牛。 We have thirty ________ of cattle. 他头天上午就来了。 He came here __________ morning. 有的时候，上下文不一定是完整的长句、甚至于一大段话，上下文可以是短短的词语，或是一个紧凑的固定搭配。也就是说，我们可根据两三个字或词语来确定某一个字或词语的意义。下面再看一组实例。 man (人) man and his wife officer and men man-o