[理学]加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校Hitoshi Murayama教授的讲座《GUT and Supersymmetry 大统一与超对称》.pptVIP

GUT and Supersymmetry Hitoshi Murayama 129A F2002 semester Grand Unified Theories Motivations for GUT Charge quantization, anomaly cancellation, bizarre hypercharge assignments in the Standard Model Three seemingly unrelated forces yet all gauge forces Einstein’s dream towards a unified description of all forces Baryogenesis no longer a prime motivation Quantum Numbers in the Standard Model I didn’t become a physicist to memorize these weird numbers... Quantum Numbers in the Standard Model To treat them on equal footing, make all particles left-handed using CP Gauge Anomaly Gauge symmetry crucial to keep quantum field theories (including the SM) under control Triangle diagrams: May spoil the gauge invariance at quantum level ? disaster Anomalies must all vanish for three gauge vertices (not for global currents, e.g. B, L) Sum up all standard model fermions and see if they indeed vanish Anomaly Cancellation U(1)3 U(1)(gravity)2 U(1)(SU(2))2 U(1)(SU(3))2 (SU(3))3 (SU(2))3, (SU(3))2SU(2), SU(3)(SU(2))2 SU(2) Non-trivial connection between q l SU(5) GUT SU(3)?SU(2)?U(1)?SU(5) U(1) must be traceless: try 5*: 5?5 matrices SU(3) SU(2) U(1) SU(5) GUT Then the rest belongs to 10 All quantum numbers work out this way Anomaly cancellation: Fermion Mass Relation Down- and lepton-Yukawa couplings come from the same SU(5) operator 10 5* H Fermion mass relation mb= mt, ms = mm, md = me Reality: mb= mt, 3ms = mm, md = 3me Not bad! SO(10) GUT SU(5)?U(1)?SO(10) Come with right-handed neutrinos! anomaly-free for any multiplets Smallest simple anomaly-free group with chiral fermions Smallest chiral representation contains all standard model fermions Seesaw meachanism Once SO(10) broken to the standard model, right-handed neutrino Majorana mass becomes allowed by the gauge invariance M ~ h MGUT Seesaw Mechanism Once SO(10) broken to the standard model, right-handed neutrino mass becomes allowed by the gauge invariance M~ h MGUT