[英语学习]认知理论与二语习得过程.pptVIP

How does the Cognitive Theory explain the Second Language Acquisition process? Cognitive Theory SLA 认知理论---第二语言的学习是对外界输入的语言材料进行加工、存储、输出的过程 （传统的认知主义和建构主义） The Cognitive Approach The Communicative Language Teaching General Viewpoints A shift from S-R to S-O-R（O: cognitive processing） A focus on the internal mechanism against stimuli ; learning is a process of restructuring the knowledge existed in mind. An emphasis on individuals’ personal construct and reorganization of past experience, meaningful learning assimilation accommodation Representatives Piaget’s theory Schema(categories) concepts(properties relations,new knowlodge) Assimilation accommodation (equilibrium) Critical period (关键期 ) It was first proposed by E. Lenneberg in 1967. The time between early childhood and puberty during which a child can acquire language easily, swiftly, and without external intervention. After this period, the acquisition of the grammar is difficult and, for some individuals, never fully achieved. 图式运用 阅读理解 写作brainstorming 加大背景知识的输入 培养预测能力 整体教学 学习者主动地获取知识，并通过把新获得的知识和已有的认知结构联系起来，积极地建构其知识体系。学习的实质是主动地形成认知结构。 discovery learning是学生独立思考、改组材料，自行发现知识、掌握原理原则的过程。 学习内部动机的作用 直觉思维的作用 人的学习的创造性 发现是教育儿童的主要手段 幼儿英语培训(TPR) Reception learning 接受学习是学生在教师指导下接受事物意义的学习，是一种认知同化的过程。 Expository method ①师生之间有大量的相互作用。 ②大量利用例证。 ③是演绎的。 ④是有序列的。 Meaningful learning 有意义学习是符号所代表的新知识与学习者认知结构中已有的适当观念建立非人为non-arbitrary的和实质性substantive的联系的过程。 有意义接受学习是课堂学习的主要形式 Meaningful learning 知识的同化 meaningful learning upholds that the most important thing a child could bring to learning situation was what s/he already knows warming up　　 意义学习运用 To be meaningful, new materials must be related to existing knowledge. The teacher therefore has to find ways of associating the new materials with ideas or objects with which the learners are familiar. To help this process, Ausubel recommends the use of advance organizers, by which he means some kinds of topical introduction to a lesson that orientates