通讯技术Digital Communications chapter 4_2.pptVIP

* Modulation: map a sequence of binary digits into a set of corresponding waveform Signal representation k: kth symbol of the data sequence g(t): signal pulse shape, it is the same for all the k values Information can be transmitted by Ak (i.e.,PAM); ?k (i.e.,PSK); t, f or the combination of them (i.e.,QAM) Pulse amplitude modulation : PAM Where Am is possible amplitude , represents k=log2M bits 2d represents the difference between two adjacent signals; g(t) is a real signal, which determines the signal spectrum If the transmission bit rate is R bits/s, then the symbol rate becomes R/k bits/s. That is the bit interval is 1/R and the symbol interval is k/R. M=2, k=1, {-1,1} M=4, k=2, {-3,-1,1,3} M=8, k=3, {-7,-5,-3,-1,1,3,5,7} Energy in M PAM signal is The minimum Euclidean distance is The Euclidean distance is The unit-energy signal waveform Phase modulated signals where Names: Phase shift keying (PSK) M=2, BPSK (signals are the same as PAM) M=4, 4PSK, QPSK M=8, 8PSK Signal energy The PSK signals can be represented as two orthogonal signals Euclidean distance Minimum Euclidean distance Gray mapping 10 00 11 01 No-Gray mapping 11 00 10 01 00 01 10 11 00 01 11 10 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Impressing two separate k-bits symbols from information sequence onto two quadrature carriers cos(2?fct) and sin(2?fct) The QAM signals may be viewed as combined amplitude and phase modulation Combination of M1 level PAM and M2-phase PSK signals to construct an M=M1M2 signal constellation. The number of transmitted bits is m+n=log2(M1M2) Euclidean distance Multi-dimensional signals Time domain and frequency domain can be used to transmit multi-dimensional signals. Available time intervals are subdivided into on-overlapping smaller slot, then the slots are orthogonal each others. The nth timeslot is used to transmit nth dimension signal. Similarly the available bandwidth can be subdivided into sub-band with orthogonal frequencies to transmit multi/dimensional si