农业生物多样性与粮食安全课件.ppt

* 自然界的硫最初来自于黄铁矿（FeS2）和黄铜矿(CuFeS2)等含硫的矿物。但这些矿物被风化剥蚀后，硫就进入了土壤。土壤中的硫一部分被地表径流溶解进入海洋，一部分被氧化以挥发性气体的形式进入大气，还有一部分被植物吸收，通过食物链的关系分布于生物圈。进入海洋的硫，一部分以沉积的方式，亿万年之后成为煤或石油中的硫，一部分进入生物体被吸收。生物体中的硫在生物体死亡腐败过程中，一部分以H2S的方式进入大气，其余的重又回到土壤，使循环得以继续。而大气中的硫却以降水的形式落到海洋、土壤中，又开始了它们的下一轮次的循环。 土壤中的硫有3/4不能為植物直接利用。硫酸鹽是植物營養的最重要硫源。經土壤微生物的作用，有機化合物和無機化合物中的硫即釋放出來，自養微生物將其氧化為硫元素、亞硫酸和硫酸。後者與鹽基化合為硫酸鹽，植物即可吸收利用。 * 大气中的氮以分子形式存在，占大气总量的78％。但是氮分子在化学性质上具惰性，只有大气中偶尔的闪电可以分解少量氮分子成为氮的化合物。这部分氮化合物随降水进入土壤和海洋。陆地上也有少量植物可以直接吸收氮分子。此外，还有极少量的氮分子溶解于海洋中。但总的来说，大气中参与氮循环的氮是很少的。岩石和矿物中的氮被风化后进入土壤，一部分被生物体吸收，一部分被地表径流带入海洋。海洋接纳了来自土壤和大气的氮，其中的一部分被生物体吸收。生物体死后，生物体内的氮一部分以挥发性氮化合物的形式进入大气，一部分又返回土壤，还有一部分以沉积物的形式沉积在大洋深处。 Large Scale Field Trials 551,334 ha for mixture planting in 205 counties of China 2003 * Why did rice mixture technique extension so fast in China ? * The results of variety diversity for rice blast management from field experiments Rice blast of disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties was 83-94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture. Our results support the view that the variety diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control and contribute to the sustainability of crop production * The results of variety diversity for rice blast management from field experiments Rice blast of hybrid rice varieties planted in mixtures with traditional varieties was 26-50.2% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture. * Results of variety diversification on resistance of high quality rice to lodging High quality varieties planted in mixtures with hybrid varieties had a strong resistance to lodging, and was 100% not to lodging than when they were grown in monoculture. Monoculture Mixture Monoculture Mixture * The results of variety diversity for rice yield increase from field experiments Rice yield increased from 636.3 to 1119.3 kg/ha., especially disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures, with resistant varieties having 89% grea