[理学]有机物命名.ppt

Nomenclature of organic compounds Nomenclature of saturated hydrocarbons and their radicals饱和烃及基团的命名 Hydrocarbons are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to each other by covalent bonds. Alkanes 烃 Alkanes are acyclic hydrocarbons of general formula CnH2n+2 The carbon atoms are arranged in chains that are either branched or unbranched. Rule-1 Saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons The first four saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons are called methane, ethane, propane and butane. alkane= “Numerical term” + ane Rule alkyls= Alkyl radicals have the general formula CnH2n+1. The name of the radical is formed from the name of the corresponding alkane by simply dropping “-ane” and substituting a “-yl” ending. 常见基团 IUPAC rules for naming alkanes Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms as the parent compound, and consider all alkyl attached to it as branch chains that have replaced hydrogen atoms of the parent hydrocarbon. IUPAC rules for naming alkanes When the same alkyl group branch chain occurs more than once, indicate this by a prefix, di-, tri-, tetra-, and so forth, written in front of the alkyl group name. The numbers indicating the positions of these alkyl groups are placed in front of the name. Training 2-甲基丁烷 2-甲基-3-乙基庚烷 The following names are retained for unsubstituted hydrocarbons only: 下列未取代的碳氢化合物的名称保留 The following names are retained for unsubstituted radicals only: 下列未取代的基团的名称保留 Training 3,3-dimethylpentane 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane 4,4-diisopropylheptane 5,5-bis(l,2-dimethylpropyl)nonane Nomenclature of unsaturated compounds and univalent radicals不饱和化合物及一价基团的命名 Alkenes and Alkynes Unsaturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons having one double(triple) bond are named by replacing the ending “-ane” of the name of the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon with the ending “-ene”. Alkenes and Alkynes The presence of one or more double or triple bonds in an otherwise saturated p