[经管营销]国际经济学PPT3.pptVIP

Chapter 3 The Standard Theory of International Trade Joanna GUO 3.1 Evaluation of the law of comparative advantage (1) Assumptions: Two nations two commodities Free trade Perfect mobility of labor within a nation but immobility between the two nations Constant costs of production No transportation costs No technical change The labor theory of value 大卫.李嘉图理论的部分不足 3.2 PPF with increasing opportunity cost 机会成本递增的含义和原因 机会成本递增 Illustration of increasing costs in PPF Marginal rate of transformation (MRT) 边际转换率 MRT of X for Y refers to the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of X. MRTXY =Opportunity Cost of X for Y =Price of X given by Y = the slope of PPF Conclusion: 3.3 Demand analysis:  -------- what the consumer wants a. Given (x1,x2) and (y1,y2), Consumption bundles (x1,x2) A consumer can tell： (x1,x2) (y1,y2) (x1,x2) (y1,y2) (x1,x2) ~ (y1,y2) Preference: Indifference curve 给定偏好的描述，如何来画对应的无差异曲线 Step1: 用笔在图上定下某消费束（x1,x2） Step2: 给消费者增加一点商品1，即?x1 Step3: 现在考虑要使消费者对原来的消费点无差异，你得如何变动x2的消费量，从而使（x1+?x1,x2+?x2）=（x1,x2） Step4: 按照同样的方法获得更多的点，然后把这些点的坐标连接起来，就得到了无差异曲线 Exercise: Please draw the indifference curves according to the description A. 王力喜欢喝汽水x，但是厌恶吃冰棍y B. 李南极喜欢喝汽水x又喜欢吃冰棍y，但他认为3杯汽水和2根冰棍是无差异的。 C. 萧峰有个习惯，他每喝一杯汽水x就要吃两根冰棍y，当然汽水和冰棍对他而言是多多益善。 D. 杨琳对于有无汽水x喝毫不在意，但他喜欢吃冰棍。 Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) 边际替代率 MRS of X for Y (MRSXY) refers to the amount of Y that a nation give up for one unit of X and still remain on the same indifference curve MRSXY =tgβ=PXY It declines as the nation moves down the curve. Review 2: CIC 良好形状偏好 Negatively sloped Convex from the origin Higher curves refer to greater satisfaction, lower curves to less satisfaction They must not cross Community Indifference Curves 社会无差异曲线 Shows the various combinations of two commodities that yield equal satisfaction to the community or nation Some difficulties with community indifference curve Note: CIC su