[英语学习]language and society.pptVIP

Chapter 7 Language change Xinhua University 7.1 Introduction All languages change over time. Since languages have written records, it is possible to study the actual changes that took place. 九章 涉江 ??? 余幼好此奇服兮，年既老而不衰。 　　 带长铗之陆离兮，冠切云之崔嵬。 被明月兮佩宝璐，世溷浊而莫余知兮。 吾方高驰而不顾，驾青虬兮骖白螭。 吾与重华游兮瑶之圃，登昆仑兮食玉英。 与天地兮同寿，与日月兮齐光。 飞鸟反故乡，狐死必首丘 　此开卷第一回也.作者自云:因曾历过一番梦幻之后,故将真事隐去,而借通灵 之说,撰此石头记一书也.故曰甄士隐云云.但书中所记何事何人?自又云:今 风尘碌碌, 一事无成,忽念及当日所有之女子,一一细考较去,觉其行止见识,皆出于 我之上.何我堂堂须眉,诚不若彼裙钗哉?实愧则有余,悔又无益之大无可如何之日也 ! 当此,则自欲将已往所赖天恩祖德,锦衣纨　之时,饫甘餍肥之日,背父兄教育之恩, 负师友规谈之德, 以至今日一技无成,半生潦倒之罪,编述一集,以告天下人:我之罪 固不免, 然闺阁中本自历历有人,万不可因我之不肖,自护己短,一并使其泯灭也.虽 今日之茅椽蓬牖, 瓦灶绳床,其晨夕风露,阶柳庭花,亦未有妨我之襟怀笔墨者.虽我 未学, 下笔无文,又何妨用假语村言,敷演出一段故事来,亦可使闺阁昭传,复可悦世 之目,破人愁闷,不亦宜乎?故曰贾雨村云云. Historical linguistics , as a branch of linguistics, is mainly concerned with both the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time. 唐代有一个名士，名叫麦爱新，他看到自己的妻子年老色衰，便产生了嫌弃老妻，再纳新欢的想法，并写了一副上联放在案头：“荷败莲残，落叶归根成老藕。”被他的妻子看到了，妻子从联中看出了丈夫弃老纳新的念头，于是便提笔续了一副下联：“禾黄稻熟，吹糠见米现新粮。”这副下联，以“禾稻”对“老藕”，不仅十分工整贴切，新颖通俗。而且，“新粮”与“新娘”谐音，饶有风趣。麦爱新读了妻子的下联，被妻子的才思敏捷和拳拳爱心打动，便放弃了弃旧纳新的念头。妻子见丈夫回心转意，不忘旧情，乃挥笔写道：“老公十分公道。”麦爱新也挥笔写道：“老婆一片婆心。” 良人 郎 郎君 老爷 官人外人，外子 相公 先生爱人 男人 我们家那口子 孩子他爸 老公——原来就是太监。 7.1 Introduction The changes can be found at different linguistic levels such as in the phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon and semantic components of the grammar. 7.2 Phonological changes Among all the changes in language, either subtle or obvious, change at phonological level are particularly noticeable and varied. 7.3 Morphological and syntactic change Addition of affixes Loss of affixes Change of word order Change of negation rule 7.4 Lexical and semantic change Lexical items are the building block of a language, and the changes in this aspect are comparatively more obvious and noticeable. compounding mouse mat, bar code derivation insurmountable, glorification 7.4.1 Addition of new words coinage(创新词) clipped words(缩略词) blending(紧缩法) acronyms(词首字母缩