(风疹病毒教学教材演示幻灯片.ppt

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) One serotype Often is described as the most dangerous cause of lower respiratory infections in young children. Clinical findings Bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants Laboratory diagnosis Multiple-nuclear giant cells Reye’s syndrome is an acute encephalopathy of children and adolescents, usually between 2 and 16 years of age. symptoms include fever, projectile vomiting, confusion, and, sometimes, respiratory arrest. The mortality rate is high (10-40%). Long-lived and subtype-specific. Antibodies against HA and NA are important. Cell-mediated immune also participates. 2) immunity Isolation and identification of virus Nasal washings, gargles and throat swabs Embryonated eggs Rapid test: detection of viral RNA Serology Paired serum specimens are required to show a rise in antibody titer during the course of the disease (four fold increase is of diagnostic value). HI (hemagglutination inhibition ) test 3 Laboratory diagnosis of flu virus Influenza viruses Influenza viruses Anti-HA antibodies Hemagglutination inhibition Hemagglutination test and hemagglutination inhibition test 4 Prevention control of flu virus Drugs: M2 ion channel inhibitors (amantadine and rimantadine) neuraminidase inhibitor: Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) To be maximally effective, the drugs must be administered very early in the disease. Mechanism of Action of Neuraminidase Inhibitors. Panel A shows the action of neuraminidase in the continued replication of virions in influenza infection. The replication is blocked by neuraminidase inhibitors (Panel B), which prevent virions from being released from the surface of infected cells. Source: Moscona, A. (2005). Neuraminidase Inhibitors for Influenza. N Engl J Med 353: 1363-1373 Specific prophylaxis Inactivated viral vaccines Existing vaccines are continually being rendered obsolete as the viruses undergo antigenic drift and shift. WHO make recommendations each year about which strains should be included