Ionic Liquids Properties and Preparation离子液体的性质和制备.pdfVIP

Chapter 2 IONIC LIQUIDS – PROPERTIES AND PREPARATION 2.1 Introduction As described in the introductory chapter, biphasic catalysis has been around for a long time, but despite a few notable successes such as the Shell Higher Olefin Process (SHOP) and the Rhône-Poulenc-Ruhrchemie hydroformylation process, very few biphasic processes have made it into the industrial arena. The limitations of the solvents used so far in biphasic (or multiphasic) catalysis appear to be overcome by ionic liquids, and even if the perfect ionic liquid is not yet available, then there seems to be almost no limit to the number of new ionic liquids that can be made. It has been estimated that up to 1018 different ionic liquids may exist[1,2] and with such a vast number to choose from it is essential that understanding increases in order to allow accurate predictions of their properties and functions, opening up the possibility of designer solvents. The fact that ionic liquids are solvents composed entirely of ions creates a new set of challenges to chemists and chemical engineers who are not used to handling such materials in the capacity of a solvent. At present, the most popular solvents are those which are volatile, since solvents are added to facilitate reactions, but ultimately they must be removed from the product. Accordingly, alternative techniques are required for the isolation of reaction products from ionic liquids, as well as for their disposal. Furthermore, if catalysed reactions are to be understood in ionic liquids, then new procedures may be required to delineate reaction mechanisms and identify catalytic intermediates. With respect to this latter goal, some simple solutions have alre