The Schrodinger Wave Equation[薛定谔波方程](PPT-35).ppt

6.1 The Schr?dinger Wave Equation 6.2 Expectation Values 6.3 Infinite Square-Well Potential 6.4 Finite Square-Well Potential 6.5 Three-Dimensional Infinite-Potential Well 6.6 Simple Harmonic Oscillator 6.7 Barriers and Tunneling 6.1: The Schr?dinger Wave Equation The Schr?dinger wave equation in its time-dependent form for a particle of energy E moving in a potential V in one dimension is The extension into three dimensions is where is an imaginary number. General Solution of the Schr?dinger Wave Equation The general form of the wave function is which also describes a wave moving in the x direction. In general the amplitude may also be complex. The wave function is also not restricted to being real. Notice that the sine term has an imaginary number. Only the physically measurable quantities must be real. These include the probability, momentum and energy. Normalization and Probability The probability P(x) dx of a particle being between x and X + dx was given in the equation The probability of the particle being between x1 and x2 is given by The wave function must also be normalized so that the probability of the particle being somewhere on the x axis is 1. Properties of Valid Wave Functions Boundary conditions In order to avoid infinite probabilities, the wave function must be finite everywhere. In order to avoid multiple values of the probability, the wave function must be single valued. For finite potentials, the wave function and its derivative must be continuous. This is required because the second-order derivative term in the wave equation must be single valued. (There are exceptions to this rule when V is infinite.) In order to normalize the wave functions, they must approach zero as x approaches infinity. Solutions that do not satisfy these properties do not generally correspond to physically realizable circumstances. Time-Independent Schr?dinger Wave Equation The potential in many cases will not depend explicitly on time. The dependenc