商务英语专业(专科,A050226)考试计 .课件.pptVIP

* Nosocomial infections have been recognized for over a century as a critical problem affecting the quality of health care and a principal source of adverse healthcare outcomes. Today, nosocomial infections affect over 2 million patients annually in the United States, at a cost in excess of $4.5 billion. Among all major complications of hospitalization, nosocomial infections account for 50%; the remaining are medication errors, patient falls, and other noninfectious adverse events. * * * A device-associated infection is not present or incubating at the time of the patient’s admission to the ICU, but becomes apparent during the ICU stay or within 48 hours after transfer from the ICU to another acute care unit within the hospital. An inpatient ICU is a designated unit where there is appropriate equipment and specialized staff to provide continuous care, according to the particular medical needs of a defined and limited class of critically ill patients. * * * * * Nosocomial bacterial pneumonia has been difficult to diagnose . Frequently, the criteria for diagnosis are fever, cough, and development of purulent sputum, in conjunction with radiologic evidence of a new or progressive pulmonary infiltrate, a suggestive Gram stain, and positive cultures of sputum, tracheal aspirate, pleural fluid, or blood. Although clinical findings in conjunction with cultures of sputum or tracheal specimens may be sensitive for bacterial pathogens, they are highly nonspecific, especially in patients receiving mechanically assisted ventilation ; conversely, cultures of blood or pleural fluid have very low sensitivity . * * The association between colonization of the oropharynx , trachea , or stomach and predisposition to gram-negative bacillary pneumonia prompted efforts to prevent infection by using either prophylactic local application of antimicrobial agent(s) or local bacterial interference . The second method i.e. interference with alpha-hemolytic streptococci has been used succ