天大化工原理-英文版课件-3-22流变学简介.ppt

3. Time-dependent flow Thixotropic（触变性） liquids break down under continued shear and on mixing give lower shear stress for a given shear rate; that is, their apparent viscosity decreases with time. Rheopectic（流凝性） substances behave in the reverse manner, and the shear stress increases with time, as does the apparent viscosity. The original structures and apparent viscosities are usually recovered on standing. 4. Viscoelastic fluids粘弹性流体 Viscoelastic fluids show both viscous and elastic properties. They exhibit elastic recovery from deformations that occur during flow, but usually only part of the deformation is recovered upon removal of the stress. Examples of viscoelastic fluids are flour dough, napalm（凝固汽油）, and certain polymer melts(聚合物熔体). In this course, only Newtonian fluid will be discussed. 3.4 VISCOSITY黏度 1. Concept of viscosity 2. Viscosity and momentum flux 3. Viscosities of gases and liquids 4. Kinematic viscosity. 1. Concept of viscosity In a newtonian fluid, the shear stress is proportional to the shear rate, and the proportionality constant is called the viscosity ----------------------Newton’s law of viscosity 牛顿粘性定律 The equation is only valid for newtonian fluid in laminar flow Unit of viscosity: SI system: kilograms per meter-second or pascal-second 1 (Pa.s) = 1 (kg/m.s) millipascal-seconds(mPa?s) or centipoises(cP)厘泊 ( 1 mPa?s=1 cP = 0.01 P ) 2. Viscosity and momentum flux Equation (3.3) states that the momentum flux normal to the direction of fluid flow is proportional to the velocity gradient, with the viscosity as the proportionality factor. τv : momentum flux (kg ? m/s)/m2 ? s rate of momentum transfer per unit area ρu : momentum per unit volume,(kg ? m/s)/m3 d(ρu)/dy : momentum concentration gradient μ/ρ : momentum diffusivity, m2/s. 3. Viscosities of gases and liquids viscosity = f (temperature, molecular structure, pressure) Effect of temperature: Effect of