外包服务与失业-中央财经大学金融学院.PDF

外包、服务与失业 1 2 陈彦煌 胡洁 1 中国文化大学国际贸易系， 台湾省台北市 2 西安交通大学金禾经济研究中心，陕西省西安市 摘 要：外包 (outsourcing) 现象随着全球化过程快速成长，工业国家将制造业部 分劳力密集的制程 (processes) 分割并外移至工资低廉的开发中国家进行。外包 现象普遍存在的一个主因是国际间要素价格存在差异，大幅度的工资差异导致厂 商将其部分生产活动在国际间移转。其次，外包现象出现的另一不可或缺条件是 生产过程中所需专业服务 (specialized services)——运输、通信与网络等——的国 际价格下降。外包现象带给工业国家的负面冲击，诸如非技术劳工工资下降或失 业上升，令劳工团体担忧。本文主要目的在探讨外包与失业问题。为分析制造业 制程的分割与制造业制程在国际间的移动现象，本文建立多阶段生产 (multistage production) 架构，其中制造业制程的国际分工为内生决定。制造业中间财的生产 除需要非技术劳工外亦需要专业服务投入；专业服务则由技术劳工生产提供，其 专业服务市场为垄断性竞争并具有规模经济 (economies of scale)特性。再者，为 探究外包与失业问题，本文考虑公平工资 (fair wage) 所引起的失业现象。本文分 析最终制造品国际价格变动如何影响外包及其对劳动市场的冲击，文中发现—— 外包并不必然造成工业国家的非技术劳动工资下跌或失业率降低；此外，专业服 务的规模经济程度以及公平工资中非技术劳工之偏好分别对于工资、所得分配以 及失业效果具有关键性影响。 关键词：外包；多阶段生产；服务；失业；公平工资；垄断性竞争 Abstract: Outsourcing is a phenomenon associated with globalization; such phenomenon, per se, is that manufacturing processes of production are fragmented and transferred to other foreign firms. One of reasons for outsourcing is due to differences between domestic and foreign prices of factors of production. Another factor influencing foreign sourcing is the reduction of services cost, such as transportation, communication and the internet, etc. Fears in the developed countries have been expressed as to a threat from outsourcing to unskilled labor, either in the form of real wage or of higher levels of unemployment. The purpose of this article investigates the issue of outsourcing and unemployment. We consider a framework of multistage production in which the stages for both countries are determined endogenously. In our model the intermediate inputs of manufacturing sector are made with unskilled labor and specialized services in which there are economies of scale with monopolistic