存货的意义chap__15.ppt

ＣH 15 Inventory Control 存貨的意義 Inventory is the stock of any item or resource used in an organization and can include: raw materials, finished products, component parts, supplies, and work-in-process An inventory system is the set of policies and controls that monitor levels of inventory and determines what levels should be maintained, when stock should be replenished, and how large orders should be 持有存貨之原因 1. To maintain independence of operations 2. To meet variation in product demand 3. To allow flexibility in production scheduling 4. To provide a safeguard for variation in raw material delivery time 5. To take advantage of economic purchase-order size 存貨成本 Holding (or carrying) costs Costs for storage, handling, insurance, etc Setup (or production change) costs Costs for arranging specific equipment setups, etc Ordering costs Costs of someone placing an order, etc Shortage costs Costs of canceling an order, etc 獨立與相依需求 存貨控制系統 連續盤存制(continuous review system) 存貨水準是否低於訂購點，必須經常注意存貨記錄才可確知 定期盤存制(periodic review system) 廠商每隔一固定周期，及盤檢其存貨項目，然後視盤檢後之存貨水準，訂購一合適的數量 存貨控制系統 存貨現況(Inventory Position) 在庫存貨(On-Hand Inventory) 在途存貨 (Inventory in Transit) 欠撥量(Backorder) 淨存貨(Net Inventory) 存貨控制模式 Single-Period Inventory Model One time purchasing decision (Example: vendor selling t-shirts at a football game) Seeks to balance the costs of inventory overstock and under stock Multi-Period Inventory Models Fixed-Order Quantity Models Event triggered (Example: running out of stock) Fixed-Time Period Models Time triggered (Example: Monthly sales call by sales representative) Single-Period Inventory Model Multi-Period Models:Fixed-Order Quantity Model Demand for the product is constant and uniform throughout the period Lead time (time from ordering to receipt) is constant Price per unit of product is constant Multi-Period Models:Fixed-Order Quantity Model Inventory holding cost is based on average inventory Ordering or setup costs are constant All demands for the product will b