南开大学光学工程内部课件Sep-28th.ppt

Optical Instruments 第一章第8节 Optical Instruments Analysis generally involves the laws of reflection and refraction Analysis uses the procedures of geometric optics In certain phenomena, the wave nature of light must be taken into account. The Camera The single-lens photo-graphic camera is an optical instrument Components Box Hold components Converging lens Form a real image Shutter Adjustable Aperture Film Receives the image The Eye Cornea n?1.376 blurred vision under water Pupil Adjustable aperture The crystalline lens Gradient index lens n=1.406 for inner core n=1.386 for cortex Retina Adjustable receiver Adjusting time: 15min. The Eye The normal eye focuses light and produces a sharp image The f-number of the eye is from about 2.8 to 16 Most of the refraction takes place at the outer surface of the eye Vision is quit poor if eye immerges in the water Near and Far Points The near point is the closest distance for which the lens can accommodate to focus light on the retina Typically at age 10, this is about 18 cm It increases with age The far point of the eye represents the largest distance for which the lens of the relaxed eye can focus light on the retina Normal vision has a far point of infinity Farsightedness Also called hyperopia The image focuses behind the retina Can usually see far away objects clearly, but not nearby objects Correcting Farsightedness A converging lens placed in front of the eye can correct the condition The lens refracts the incoming rays more toward the principle axis before entering the eye This allows the rays to converge and focus on the retina Nearsightedness Also called myopia In axial myopia the nearsightedness is caused by the lens being too far from the retina In refractive myopia, the lens-cornea system is too powerful for the normal length of the eye Correcting Nearsightedness A diverging lens can be used to correct the condition The lens refracts the rays away from the principle axis before they enter the eye This allows the r