南开大学光学工程内部课件Nov-16th.ppt

Fresnel Diffraction Fresnel Diffraction We define a ring-shaped differential area element dS. All of the point sources within dS are coherent and we assume that each radiates in phase with the primary wave. Therefore Fresnel Diffraction So Fresnel Diffraction The sum of the optical disturbance from all m zones at P is Fresnel Diffraction If m is odd, the series can be reformulated in two ways, either as: Fresnel Diffraction There are now two possibilities: either │El│is greater than the arithmetic mean of its two neighbors │El-1│and │El+1│, which is a question concerning the rate of change of K(?). When Fresnel Diffraction From equation (b) we have Fresnel Diffraction We conclude from above that Fresnel Diffraction When the last term │Em│ corresponds to an even m, the same procedure leads to Fresnel Diffraction For a unobstructed wavefront, │Em│= 0 because K(?) for mth zone is 0. So Fresnel Diffraction Fresnel Diffraction It is necessary to modify the initial statement of Huygens-Fresnel Principle. But, in fairly simply way, the principle give quit good predictions what are in fine agreement with experimental observations. Fresnel Diffraction Circular apertures —— Spherical waves Fresnel Diffraction Fresnel’s procedure applied to a point source can be used as a semiquantitative method with which to study diffraction at a circular aperture. First we consider the irradiance arriving a very small sensor placed at point P on the symmetry axis. Let us assume that the sensor at P “sees” an integral number of zones m, filling the aperture. Fresnel Diffraction If m is even, since Km?0, and each adjacent contribution is nearly equal, Fresnel Diffraction If m is odd Fresnel Diffraction We can gain a better appreciation of the actual size of the things we are dealing with by computing the number of zones in a given aperture. The area of each zone is: Fresnel Diffraction If m