南开大学光学工程Dec-7th.ppt

Line Spectra Spectrum of Hydrogen Atom Hydrogen spectrum Hydrogen spectrum Later other series were discovered in the UV and IR region Lyman Series: UV region Paschen Series : IR region Hydrogen spectrum Brackett Series: IR region Pfund Series ; IR region Line spectra Line spectra cannot be explained by the classical physics. We explain this phenomenon by utilizing two new concepts: 1. The particle nature of light (photons) 2. Energy levels: An atom can only have certain discrete energy values- we say that their energy is quantized. These energy values are called energy levels. The Bohr model of H atom Bohr’s postulate: The angular momentum is quantized. (1) Hydrogen energy levels Plot of y for the lowest energy level of hydrogen atom. Plot of y for the n=3 levels of hydrogen atom. Plot of y for the n=3 levels of hydrogen atom. Comparison of orbitals and probabilities Concept of radial distribution, obtained by summing the density in a spherical shell Probability of finding an electron in a spherical shell about the nucleus. 在小孔外２?立体角空间内总辐射能量为 返回 插页 Planck’s quantum theory Spectrum of hydrogen atoms 小型棱镜读（摄）谱仪 测微目镜 鼓轮调解 狭缝调节 氦氖光源 氦氖灯电源 位移调节手轮 （摄谱用） 小型棱镜读（摄）谱仪光路 鼓轮 测微目镜 a. 摄谱仪光路 b.读谱部分 棱镜读（摄）谱仪光路图 The spectrum produced by a gas or vapour (following an electric discharge) contains only a few wavelengths (colours) and some of the wavelengths are missing. This is called a Line Spectrum. Each atom has its own spectrum Line spectra of some elements The existence of these lines cannot be explained by classical Physics Emission (line) spectra of some elements Figure shows hydrogen spectral lines in the visible region. These were the first lines to be discovered. There are 4 lines at 210 nm, 434 nm, 486nm and 656 nm (red). These lines form the Balmer series named after the scientist who came up with an empirical formula for the wavelength