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Iron and Steel 钢铁 The earth contains a large number of metals which are useful to man. One of the most important of these is iron. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal, either in the form of iron or in the form of steel. A certain number of non-ferrous metals, including aluminium and zinc, are also important but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron or steel. Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties, which have made the development of electrical power possible. 地球上蕴含着大量对人类有用处的金属，其中最重要的一项是铁。现代工业对这种金属的需求量相当大，无论是以铁的形态还是钢的形态。一定数量的有色金属，包括铝和锌等，也都是极为重要的，但即使是今天，大多数工程的产品都是由钢和铁生产而出的。此外，铁具有磁性，这使得电力的开发成为可能。 The iron ore which we find in the earth is not pure. It contains some impurities which we must remove by smelting. The process of smelting consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, and reducing it to metal. Blasts of hot air enter the furnace from the botton and provide the oxygen which is necessary for the reduction of ore. The ore becomes molten, and its oxide combines a liquid slag. This floats on top of the molten iron, and passes out of the furnace through a tap. The metal which remains is pig-iron. 我们在地下找到的铁矿石并不是纯净的，其中含有一些杂质，必须通过冶炼去除。冶炼过程是把铁矿石和焦炭以及石灰石一起放入高炉加热，使其还原成金属。热风从高炉底部吹入高炉内，供给铁矿石进行氧化还原反应说需要的氧气。铁矿石变成熔融状态后，其氧化物结合形成液态炉渣。炉渣浮在铁液上面，经过出渣口排出炉外。剩下的金属就是生铁。 We can melt this down again in another furnace---a cupola---with more coke and limestone, and tap it out into a ladle or directly into moulds. This is cast-iron. Cast-iron does not have the strength of steel. It is brittle and may fracture under tension. But it possesses certain properties which make it very useful in the manufacture of machinery. In the molten state it is very fluid, and therefore it is easy to cast it into intricate shapes. Also it is easy to machine it. Cast-iron contains small proportions of other substances. These nonmetallic constituents of cast-iron include carbon, silicon and sulphur, and the presence of these subs